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日本語における直喩の写像方略の類型

Mapping Strategies of Simile in Japanese

Japanese (日本語)

Papers from the National Conference of the Japanese Cognitive Linguistics Association

19

37-49

日本認知言語学会

2019

2021-11-29

「人生は旅だ」のような隠喩に対して、「人生は旅のようなものだ」のような指標をともなう比喩は直喩と呼ばれる。この論文では、直喩を写像構築の機能をもつ構文として規定するアプローチをとり、著者らの構築した『日本語レトリックコーパス』に含まれる直喩の用例を対象として、直喩の写像方略の特徴を分析した。その結果、従来典型例とされてきた直接的に比喩を明示する「直接写像方略」が圧倒的多数を占めるわけではなく、「隠喩強化方略」「例示方略」といった他の方略がかなりの割合で含まれることが分かった。

A simile is a construction that involves metaphorical interpretation with a linguistic marker, which separates simile from metaphor. A typical example of simile takes the form of A is like B, and the mapping is achieved by the marker like. In my job is like a jail (Glucksberg and Keysar 1990), for instance, JAIL corresponds to JOB metaphorically by the marker. The previous studies have focused on the case in which a marker directly expresses the mapping relation. However, this paper argues that there is another type of simile in which a marker triggers the mapping indirectly. For example, in he has a face like a philosopher, his FACE is not mapped onto PHILOSOPHER itself but a part (i.e. face) of PHILOSOPHER. The mapping relation between two faces is not manifested syntactically but comprehended semantically. The purpose of this paper is to describe how we can reach the metaphorical interpretation by a linguistic marker of simile. 661 examples were extracted from Japanese literary texts and analyzed in terms of syntactic relations, parts of speech, and profiles (Langacker 2008) of markers of simile in the source and target domains. We defined a "mapping strategy" of simile as a pattern of rhetorical use of a linguistic marker to trigger a mapping between the source and target domains. Mapping strategies of simile are divided into the direct and indirect strategies, and the latter includes four subtypes: the explicit subjectivity strategy, the parenthesis strategy, the metaphor support strategy, and the illustration strategy. Surprisingly, the illustration strategy was more frequently observed than the direct mapping strategy, which has been considered to be the prototype of simile. Simile is not homogeneous syntactically and semantically. A marker of simile is not merely a formal marker but a linguistic device to guide us to the conceptual mapping.

学術雑誌論文